How do tawatuʾ and tawafuq ʿala al-kadhib differ?
Introduction to Hadith Methodology and Mutawatir Reports
- Tawatuʾ is deliberate collusion; tawafuq is coincidental agreement
- Both describe transmitters’ ages
- Tawatuʾ always means truth; tawafuq always means precision
- Tawatuʾ concerns only matn; tawafuq only isnad