When is a reliable non-mudallis’s ʿan-chain apparently connected on Muslim’s criterion?
Muʿanʿan Transmission: Possible Meeting, Evidence of Hearing, and Continuity
- When both are reliable, contact and hearing are feasible, and no clear contrary indication exists
- Whenever their lifetimes overlap, even if historical evidence makes meeting impossible
- Whenever one meeting is established, even if the narrator is known for tadlīs
- When the first narrator is upright, even if the second narrator’s reliability is unknown