Why should a known mudallis not be included without qualification in Muslim’s presumption?
Muʿanʿan Transmission: Possible Meeting, Evidence of Hearing, and Continuity
- Every narration of a mudallis is fabricated
- Mudallis always means unreliable in every respect
- A mudallis cannot be contemporary with a teacher
- Tadlīs raises a specific risk of an omitted intermediary behind ʿan