FeatureMutaba‘ahShahid
CompanionSame CompanionDifferent Companion
AgreementWording or meaningWording or meaning
ExampleAnother route via Nafi‘ to Ibn ‘UmarIbn ‘Abbas or Abu Hurayrah
When the Companion is shared, a different lower path may be a mutaba‘ah. When the Companion differs, the confirming account is a shahid. Verbal versus semantic agreement is a separate axis. Confusing these axes misrepresents the actual arrangement of the chains.
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Mutaba‘ah, Shahid and I‘tibar: Tracing Hadith Transmission Routes
FeatureMutaba‘ahShahid
CompanionSame CompanionDifferent Companion
AgreementWording or meaningWording or meaning
ExampleAnother route via Nafi‘ to Ibn ‘UmarIbn ‘Abbas or Abu Hurayrah
When the Companion is shared, a different lower path may be a mutaba‘ah. When the Companion differs, the confirming account is a shahid. Verbal versus semantic agreement is a separate axis. Confusing these axes misrepresents the actual arrangement of the chains.