Muttafiq wa-muftariq: the written and spoken names, including father’s names, match, but individuals differ.
Muʾtalif wa-mukhtalif: the written name matches, while correct pronunciation differs.
Mutashābih: composite agreement and disagreement involving given name and father’s name.
Mutashābih maqlūb: name components are confused through transposition.
Worked example: “al-Aswad ibn Yazīd” and “Yazīd ibn al-Aswad” foreground reversed order. “Muḥammad ibn ʿAqīl” and “Muḥammad ibn ʿUqayl” illustrate the composite pattern involving the father’s pronunciation.
The categories answer different diagnostic questions. More than one feature may coexist in a difficult case, but every proposed feature must be demonstrated.