فَتَحَاكَمَتَا إِلَى دَاوُدَ
“The two of them brought the case to Dawud.”
تَحَاكَمَتَا is a past-tense dual verb, referring to the two women. In فَأَخْبَرَتَاهُ, the two women informed him, and the final هُ refers to Sulayman.
الْكُبْرَى / الصُّغْرَى
“The older / the younger.”
These are comparative descriptions of the two women. In لَا تَفْعَلْ, لَا is prohibitive: “Do not do it.” This short expression is pivotal in the moral and judicial course of the account.