Two situations must be distinguished:
1. Munāwalah with ijāzah: the teacher identifies the book and explicitly permits the student to transmit it. The clear identification gives this form notable strength among types of authorization.
2. Munāwalah without ijāzah: a book is shown or handed over without permission. The majority did not treat bare transfer as an adequate license to transmit in the teacher's name, although some earlier opinions allowed broader practice.
Example: Zayd receives a book and is told “Narrate it from me.” Bakr merely copies material from a teacher's desk. Bakr's possession of the writing does not establish the teacher's permission to use “he informed me.”
Identifying a book as a teacher's and acquiring authorization to transmit it are distinct questions.