The standard eight methods of taḥammul are:
1. Samāʿ: hearing a teacher recite.
2. ʿArḍ: reading to the teacher, or hearing the reading in his presence.
3. Ijāzah: permission to transmit.
4. Munāwalah: a teacher handing over a book or original.
5. Mukātabah: a written communication from the teacher.
6. Iʿlām: the teacher merely identifies a report as his narration.
7. Waṣiyyah: bequeathing or assigning books on departing or dying.
8. Wijādah: finding another person's written narration without direct receipt.
These are ways of acquisition. The expressions “samiʿtu,” “akhbaranī,” and “ʿan” belong to the related but distinct discussion of transmission formulas.