Examine a suspicious argument in this order:
1. State the claim: what conclusion is being established?
2. List repeated terms: which expression appears more than once?
3. Assign one sense per occurrence: is the referent unchanged?
4. Check grammar and composition: where does each modifier or pronoun attach?
5. Test the inference: does the conclusion still follow once the meanings are fixed?
This approach distinguishes the particular faults illustrated by “ʿayn,” “asad,” “mukhtār,” and the physician-and-skilled-person case.