Maniat al-jam means the alternatives cannot both be true, while both can be false. In the textbook’s “This thing is a tree or a stone,” a tree is not a stone and a stone is not a tree. A bird is neither, so both alternatives can be false. The form excludes conjunction but not the absence of both.
Opening interactive controls...
Disjunction forbidding joint truth
Conditional Propositions: Connected and Disjunctive Forms
Maniat al-jam means the alternatives cannot both be true, while both can be false. In the textbook’s “This thing is a tree or a stone,” a tree is not a stone and a stone is not a tree. A bird is neither, so both alternatives can be false. The form excludes conjunction but not the absence of both.