المشاهدات، وهي قضايا يحكم فيها بواسطة المشاهدة والإحساس
Observed propositions are judgments made through observation and sensation.
Unlike first principles, which become evident through concepts, mushāhadāt are grounded in sensory awareness: seeing a light, hearing a sound, or undergoing some other perceptual experience.
The book distinguishes perception through the external senses and the internal senses. Its discussion of internal faculties follows the traditional philosophical psychology of this curriculum.