LessonsDemonstration and the Six Kinds of Certain PremisesQuiz

ثم البديهيات ستة
The foundational certain propositions are then divided into six kinds.

The source lists:
1. Awwaliyyāt — first principles
2. Fiṭriyyāt — propositions with their proofs at hand
3. Ḥadsiyyāt — intuitively apprehended propositions
4. Mushāhadāt — observations
5. Tajribiyyāt — experiential generalizations
6. Mutawātirāt — knowledge through convergent mass reports

They are grouped as foundations of certainty, but they do not all arise by the same cognitive route. Some depend on concepts, others on evident reasoning, perception, repeated experience, or sufficiently corroborated reports.

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The six kinds of certainty

Demonstration and the Six Kinds of Certain Premises

ثم البديهيات ستة
The foundational certain propositions are then divided into six kinds.

The source lists:
1. Awwaliyyāt — first principles
2. Fiṭriyyāt — propositions with their proofs at hand
3. Ḥadsiyyāt — intuitively apprehended propositions
4. Mushāhadāt — observations
5. Tajribiyyāt — experiential generalizations
6. Mutawātirāt — knowledge through convergent mass reports

They are grouped as foundations of certainty, but they do not all arise by the same cognitive route. Some depend on concepts, others on evident reasoning, perception, repeated experience, or sufficiently corroborated reports.