The textbook repeatedly uses “applies to” (ṣādiq ānā). Here it means that a universal correctly describes an individual, not merely that a sentence is true. Zayd falls under both human and animal; a horse falls under animal but not human. Relations arise by comparing these ranges.
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What it means to apply to individuals
Four Relations Between Universal Concepts
The textbook repeatedly uses “applies to” (ṣādiq ānā). Here it means that a universal correctly describes an individual, not merely that a sentence is true. Zayd falls under both human and animal; a horse falls under animal but not human. Relations arise by comparing these ranges.