In the pair animal → human, “animal” covers more individuals and “human” covers only a part of that extension. Moving from the general to the specific narrows the range.
Valid judgments:
Every human is an animal.
Some animals are humans.
Some animals are not humans, such as horses.
“Every animal is human” is invalid. Inclusion of all specific instances within the general does not reverse the containment. This one-way inclusion is precisely what distinguishes the relation from equality.
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Four Relations Between Universals and Relative Particularity
In the pair animal → human, “animal” covers more individuals and “human” covers only a part of that extension. Moving from the general to the specific narrows the range.
Valid judgments:
Every human is an animal.
Some animals are humans.
Some animals are not humans, such as horses.
“Every animal is human” is invalid. Inclusion of all specific instances within the general does not reverse the containment. This one-way inclusion is precisely what distinguishes the relation from equality.