Two questions should be kept distinct: If the premises were true, would the conclusion follow? And are the premises actually true? “All flowers are stones; all roses are flowers; therefore all roses are stones” follows the same general inclusion pattern but starts from a false premise. The structure does not make the conclusion factually established.
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Inference pattern versus truth of premises
Ḥujjah: Deriving a Conclusion from Known Judgments
Two questions should be kept distinct: If the premises were true, would the conclusion follow? And are the premises actually true? “All flowers are stones; all roses are flowers; therefore all roses are stones” follows the same general inclusion pattern but starts from a false premise. The structure does not make the conclusion factually established.