Induction and Analogy — Istiqra and Tamthil

Read-only question overview. Answers and scoring remain inside authenticated learner attempts.

• What are the two main reasoning methods in this lesson?
• In induction, which direction does the inference take?
• What broad conclusion was drawn in the textbook’s two-legged example?
• What weakness does that example show?
• Four shops were cheap; therefore all shops are cheap. Which method?
• Why is “This tree is green” not itself induction?
• Which example refutes “Every bird flies”?
• Why does the book deny certainty to this induction?
• What do more supporting observations establish?
• Why is generalizing from one class to a whole city weak?
• What changes if all four balls in a fixed box are checked?
• What is the basic pattern of analogy?
• In analogy, what is the “illa” (rationale)?
• Which is the original case in the textbook example?
• What is the new case (farʿ) in the example?
• Which rationale does the source use for wine and bhang?
• Which judgment is extended in the source analogy?
• Why is having the same color a poor analogical reason?
• What should be examined before analogizing two red cars skidding?
• Why does the source say analogy need not yield certainty?
• A second machine may fail due to the same dust: which method?
• What is the special caution in induction?
• What is the special caution in analogy?
• Six mangoes were sweet, so all are sweet: what is the weakness?
• What is missing when a statement is only about one case, not induction?
• Why distinguish the original and new cases in analogy?
• Both objects are large, so they must share an outcome: what is missing?
• What is the sequence of analogical inference?
• Does additional evidence automatically turn induction into necessity?
• Every human is living; Zayd is human; so Zayd is living: what is this?
• Five cases are observed, then all cases are claimed: what should you ask?
• Two particular cases and a shared rationale: what should you test?
• In the textbook’s analogy, what role does intoxication play?
• What caution does the book share about both methods?
• Which comparison best distinguishes induction from analogy?
• “One plant is green” is best described as what?
• Induction can extend observations about some members to a whole class.
• Every inductive generalization is proved certain by one observation.
• One genuine counterexample can refute an “every” claim.
• In analogy, the original case and the new case are the very same thing.
• An analogy requires checking whether the shared feature is relevant to the ruling.
• In the textbook example, wine is the original case and bhang is the new case.
• In the source example, intoxication is the ruling and prohibition the rationale.
• Many observations can strengthen confidence without creating logical necessity.
• Two objects sharing a color is enough for any analogical transfer.
• The proposed cause in an analogy may fail to be the actual cause.