LessonsModal Propositions: The Eight Simple ModalitiesQuiz

The matter of a proposition (māddah) is the actual character of the subject–predicate relation, such as its being necessary, possible or impossible. Its modality (jihah) is the character conceived or asserted in the judgment; words expressing it convey that modality.

For instance, “A human is an animal” has a necessary subject–predicate relation even when the speaker does not pronounce “necessarily.” Conversely, adding “necessarily” to a false statement cannot make its subject matter necessary.

Thus the expressed qualification and the reality of the relation are distinct aspects. Analysis of a modal statement should attend to both without confusing them.

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Matter, modality and its expression

Modal Propositions: The Eight Simple Modalities

The matter of a proposition (māddah) is the actual character of the subject–predicate relation, such as its being necessary, possible or impossible. Its modality (jihah) is the character conceived or asserted in the judgment; words expressing it convey that modality.

For instance, “A human is an animal” has a necessary subject–predicate relation even when the speaker does not pronounce “necessarily.” Conversely, adding “necessarily” to a false statement cannot make its subject matter necessary.

Thus the expressed qualification and the reality of the relation are distinct aspects. Analysis of a modal statement should attend to both without confusing them.