The three categories answer: In what respect is the judgment made?
External: “This book is open” — an externally existing book and its condition.
Mental: “Human is universal” — the universal concept in the intellect.
Real: “Four is even” — a property rooted in numerical reality.
A common error is to interpret “real” merely as “true.” Ḥaqīqiyyah is a technical classification, not another name for every true proposition. External and mental propositions can also be true.
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Predication, Types of Categorical Proposition and Negated Terms
The three categories answer: In what respect is the judgment made?
External: “This book is open” — an externally existing book and its condition.
Mental: “Human is universal” — the universal concept in the intellect.
Real: “Four is even” — a property rooted in numerical reality.
A common error is to interpret “real” merely as “true.” Ḥaqīqiyyah is a technical classification, not another name for every true proposition. External and mental propositions can also be true.