كل قط حيوان
Every cat is an animal.
كل كلب حيوان
Every dog is an animal.
These do not entail that every cat is a dog. Cats and dogs belong to a wider genus without being the same species.
This simpler example exposes the flaw in the time-and-sphere argument. Two affirmative premises sharing a predicate do not yield identity. When the middle term is the predicate of both premises, the productive conditions of figure two must be observed.
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Semantic Fallacies: Defects of Matter, Form, and Predication
كل قط حيوان
Every cat is an animal.
كل كلب حيوان
Every dog is an animal.
These do not entail that every cat is a dog. Cats and dogs belong to a wider genus without being the same species.
This simpler example exposes the flaw in the time-and-sphere argument. Two affirmative premises sharing a predicate do not yield identity. When the middle term is the predicate of both premises, the productive conditions of figure two must be observed.