LessonsSimple Conversion: Definition, Categorical Rules and ReductioQuiz

«والموجبة الجزئية تنعكس إلى موجبة جزئية»
A particular affirmative converts to another particular affirmative.

Textbook example:
«بعض الحيوان إنسان»
Some animals are humans.

Its converse:
«بعض الإنسان حيوان»
Some humans are animals.

A shared member belongs to both classes regardless of which is mentioned first. This is why particular affirmation is preserved under conversion.

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Particular affirmative converts particularly

Simple Conversion: Definition, Categorical Rules and Reductio

«والموجبة الجزئية تنعكس إلى موجبة جزئية»
A particular affirmative converts to another particular affirmative.

Textbook example:
«بعض الحيوان إنسان»
Some animals are humans.

Its converse:
«بعض الإنسان حيوان»
Some humans are animals.

A shared member belongs to both classes regardless of which is mentioned first. This is why particular affirmation is preserved under conversion.