Minor: All judges are human.
Major: No stone is a judge.
Conclusion: Some humans are not stones, provided judges exist.
Every judge is human and the universal negative excludes judges from stones. Existing judges therefore witness humans who are not stones.
The proposed universal “No human is a stone” is stronger than the stated premises alone establish. The distinction illustrates why a particular conclusion must not be silently promoted to a universal.
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The Fourth Figure: Productive Conditions, Moods and Proofs
Minor: All judges are human.
Major: No stone is a judge.
Conclusion: Some humans are not stones, provided judges exist.
Every judge is human and the universal negative excludes judges from stones. Existing judges therefore witness humans who are not stones.
The proposed universal “No human is a stone” is stronger than the stated premises alone establish. The distinction illustrates why a particular conclusion must not be silently promoted to a universal.