Apply iẓhār, ikhfāʾ, idghām, ghunnah, qalqalah, madd and waqf to two complete surahs Read the bilingual lesson for Al-Qāriʿah and Az-Zalzalah — Comparative Tajwīd Practice and test your understanding with a focused quiz.
Lesson
1. Scope and study method
This is a supplementary applied lesson, not another printed section of Fawāʾid-e-Makkiyyah. We apply the earlier tajwīd rules to Sūrat al-Qāriʿah and Sūrat az-Zalzalah.
For each ruling ask: Which letter is involved? Is it vowelled or sākin? Which letter follows it?
First read the verse, then identify and explain the rule; record yourself. A qualified reciter is still needed to verify articulation and madd timing.
2. Al-Qāriʿah: verses 1–6
Sūrat al-Qāriʿah (101:1–6)
الْقَارِعَةُ (1)
مَا الْقَارِعَةُ (2)
وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا الْقَارِعَةُ (3)
يَوْمَ يَكُونُ النَّاسُ كَالْفَرَاشِ الْمَبْثُوثِ (4)
وَتَكُونُ الْجِبَالُ كَالْعِهْنِ الْمَنْفُوشِ (5)
فَأَمَّا مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ مَوَازِينُهُ (6)
Read each verse separately. Listen for a pronounced or assimilated lām, hidden nūn and qalqalah. This teaching transcription uses common orthography; recite from a muṣḥaf.
3. Al-Qāriʿah: verses 7–11
Sūrat al-Qāriʿah (101:7–11)
فَهُوَ فِي عِيشَةٍ رَاضِيَةٍ (7)
وَأَمَّا مَنْ خَفَّتْ مَوَازِينُهُ (8)
فَأُمُّهُ هَاوِيَةٌ (9)
وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا هِيَهْ (10)
نَارٌ حَامِيَةٌ (11)
Compare «مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ» in verse 6 with «مَنْ خَفَّتْ» in verse 8. At the ending, distinguish joining «نَارٌ حَامِيَةٌ» from stopping on the final word.
4. Al-Qāriʿah: clear lām and emphatic qāf
In الْقَارِعَةُ, the lām of the article is clearly pronounced because qāf is a lunar letter. Do not assimilate it.
Qāf is an emphatic istiʿlāʾ letter. Rāʾ here carries kasrah, so it is read thin. Different letters within one word can require different treatments.
Practice:
الْقَارِعَةُ — clear lām, heavy qāf, thin rāʾ.
النَّاسُ — contrasting case: the lām assimilates into the sun-letter nūn.
5. Madd munfaṣil and qalqalah in wa-mā adrāka
In وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ, the alif madd of «مَا» precedes a hamzah at the start of another word: this is madd munfaṣil when connected. Observe the duration adopted in the recitation method being taught.
The dāl in «أَدْرَاكَ» is sākin and belongs to «قُطْبُ جَدٍّ», so it receives a light internal qalqalah, not a full added vowel.
Practice:
وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ — separated madd plus dāl qalqalah.
مَا الْقَارِعَةُ — no comparable initial hamzat al-qaṭʿ in the next word, so do not classify it as munfaṣil.
6. Yawm, yakūnu, and an-nās
In يَوْمَ, wāw is sākin after fatḥah, making it a letter of līn, not wāw madd. In «يَكُونُ», wāw follows ḍammah, so it is a true madd letter.
In «النَّاسُ», the article lām assimilates into nūn; the doubled nūn has ghunnah.
Practice:
يَوْمَ — soft līn, not automatically a two-count madd.
يَكُونُ — regular natural madd.
النَّاسُ — sun-letter assimilation plus ghunnah of the doubled nūn.
7. Qalqalah and ikhfāʾ in two consecutive words
In الْمَبْثُوثِ, bāʾ is sākin in «مَبْ». It is a qalqalah letter, so release it cleanly without inventing a vowel. This is internal, minor qalqalah.
The article lām before mīm is pronounced. The wāw in «ثُو» is a madd letter and gets natural length.
Keep the two rules separate:
مَبْ — bāʾ qalqalah.
ثُو — natural wāw madd.
In الْمَنْفُوشِ, a sākin nūn meets fāʾ, a letter of ikhfāʾ. Hide the nūn with an appropriate ghunnah; neither pronounce it fully nor merge it into fāʾ.
«فُو» has a natural wāw madd. Thus the word contains ikhfāʾ followed by natural madd.
Contrast:
الْمَنْفُوشِ — nūn sākin + fāʾ: ikhfāʾ.
الْعِهْنِ — the nūn is vowelled; no nūn-sākin rule applies there.
8. Two sources of nasalization
The doubled mīm of فَأَمَّا has its own ghunnah; it is not a nūn-sākin rule.
In مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ, sākin nūn comes before thāʾ, which requires ikhfāʾ with ghunnah.
Identify the two causes:
فَأَمَّا — doubled mīm.
مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ — nūn sākin before thāʾ.
The same audible nasality can arise from different technical rules.
9. Clear nūn before khāʾ
In وَأَمَّا مَنْ خَفَّتْ, sākin nūn meets khāʾ, one of the throat letters. Thus the rule is iẓhār ḥalqī, not ikhfāʾ.
Compare:
مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ — thāʾ: ikhfāʾ.
مَنْ خَفَّتْ — khāʾ: iẓhār.
Read them alternately. The following letter, not merely the presence of nūn, determines the ruling.
10. Idghām without ghunnah before rāʾ
In عِيشَةٍ رَاضِيَةٍ, tanwīn precedes rāʾ. Rāʾ and lām are the two letters of idghām without ghunnah for nūn sākin/tanwīn.
On joining, the tanwīn nūn assimilates into rāʾ without an independent nasalization. The rāʾ of «رَاضِيَةٍ» has fatḥah, so it is heavy.
Stopping on «عِيشَةٍ» instead changes the final tāʾ marbūṭah to a pronounced hāʾ-sākin; there is then no cross-word idghām.
11. Pronoun hāʾ and ṣilah
مَوَازِينُهُ ends in the pronominal hāʾ. In the Ḥafṣ reading, when joined between vowelled letters and not followed by hamzah, it takes ṣilah ṣughrā, as in «مَوَازِينُهُ فَهُوَ» across verses 6–7.
فَأُمُّهُ هَاوِيَةٌ provides another pronominal hāʾ with minor ṣilah in connected recitation.
If one stops on «مَوَازِينُهُ», the ṣilah disappears. Do not assign ṣilah to every written hāʾ: first determine whether it is the pronoun.
12. Hāʾ of pause in hiyah
The final «هْ» in وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا هِيَهْ is known as hāʾ as-sakt. It is not the pronominal hāʾ of «فَأُمُّهُ» and should not be assigned pronoun-hāʾ rules.
Preserve it when stopping on «هِيَهْ» and follow the transmitted reading; do not simply delete it.
Contrast:
مَا هِيَهْ — hāʾ of pause.
فَأُمُّهُ — pronoun hāʾ, capable of ṣilah in the right context.
رَاضِيَةٌ — tāʾ marbūṭah, sounded as a sākin hāʾ at pause.
13. Iẓhār and pause on ḥāmiyah
In نَارٌ حَامِيَةٌ, tanwīn meets ḥāʾ, a throat letter, so iẓhār ḥalqī is required. Do not merge or hide the tanwīn nūn.
When stopping on «حَامِيَةٌ», tāʾ marbūṭah is sounded as a sākin hāʾ. In connected recitation the original case ending remains active.
Practice:
نَارٌ حَامِيَةٌ — pronounce the tanwīn clearly on joining.
حَامِيَةٌ — stop with hāʾ sākin.
A word-final waqf rule and a between-word tanwīn rule must be considered separately.
14. Az-Zalzalah: verses 1–4
Sūrat az-Zalzalah (99:1–4)
إِذَا زُلْزِلَتِ الْأَرْضُ زِلْزَالَهَا (1)
وَأَخْرَجَتِ الْأَرْضُ أَثْقَالَهَا (2)
وَقَالَ الْإِنْسَانُ مَا لَهَا (3)
يَوْمَئِذٍ تُحَدِّثُ أَخْبَارَهَا (4)
«الْأَرْضُ» repeats in the first two verses; «الْإِنْسَانُ» contains sākin nūn; «يَوْمَئِذٍ» ends in tanwīn. These are practice transcriptions in common spelling; recite from a muṣḥaf.
15. Az-Zalzalah: verses 5–8
Sūrat az-Zalzalah (99:5–8)
بِأَنَّ رَبَّكَ أَوْحَىٰ لَهَا (5)
يَوْمَئِذٍ يَصْدُرُ النَّاسُ أَشْتَاتًا لِيُرَوْا أَعْمَالَهُمْ (6)
فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا يَرَهُ (7)
وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ مِثْقَالَ ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا يَرَهُ (8)
The last two verses form an excellent comparison: replacing khāʾ by shīn changes the rule governing tanwīn.
Try joining and pausing at different boundaries, then note which rule remains operative.
16. Two contrasting words: al-arḍ and al-insān
In الْأَرْضُ, the article lām is pronounced, as hamzah is a lunar letter.
The rāʾ is sākin after fatḥah, so it is heavy. Ḍād is also an emphatic letter, but its quality is its own.
Across «زُلْزِلَتِ الْأَرْضُ», the initial hamzat al-waṣl of the article is dropped in connected reading while the true hamzah of «أَرْضُ» remains pronounced.
In الْإِنْسَانُ, sākin nūn meets sīn and therefore requires ikhfāʾ with ghunnah.
The initial article lām remains clear before hamzah. The same word thus contains a lunar article and a later ikhfāʾ.
Contrast:
الْإِنْسَانُ — nūn sākin + sīn = ikhfāʾ.
الْأَرْضُ — no sākin nūn; focus instead on rāʾ and ḍād.
17. Tanwīn before tāʾ or yāʾ
In يَوْمَئِذٍ تُحَدِّثُ, tanwīn meets tāʾ, so the rule is ikhfāʾ. The same expression occurs again before «يَصْدُرُ» in verse 6.
In يَوْمَئِذٍ يَصْدُرُ, tanwīn meets yāʾ and takes idghām with ghunnah.
The first letter of the following word changes the rule:
... تُحَدِّثُ — tāʾ: ikhfāʾ.
... يَصْدُرُ — yāʾ: idghām with ghunnah.
18. Doubled nūn versus heavy rāʾ
The doubled nūn in بِأَنَّ has ghunnah by virtue of its shaddah, not because another letter follows a sākin nūn.
The rāʾ of «رَبَّكَ» has fatḥah, so it is heavy. The doubled bāʾ must be articulated firmly but does not become a nasal consonant.
Contrast:
بِأَنَّ — ghunnah of doubled nūn.
رَبَّكَ — heavy rāʾ and clear doubled bāʾ, without nūn/mīm-type ghunnah.
19. Tanwīn before lām: idghām without ghunnah
In أَشْتَاتًا لِيُرَوْا, accusative tanwīn meets lām. This produces idghām without ghunnah in connected recitation.
The rule depends on joining. If you stop on «أَشْتَاتًا», no following lām is involved; the normal pause here produces madd ʿiwaḍ on the final alif.
Practice:
أَشْتَاتًا لِيُرَوْا — idghām without ghunnah on joining.
أَشْتَاتًا (stop) — madd ʿiwaḍ instead.
20. Idghām with ghunnah before yāʾ
In فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ and وَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ, sākin nūn meets yāʾ across a word boundary. Yāʾ is in «يَنْمُو», so the rule is idghām with ghunnah.
This is assimilation, not simply an isolated nasal sound. Compare:
مَنْ يَعْمَلْ — idghām with ghunnah.
مَنْ خَفَّتْ — throat-letter iẓhār.
مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ — ikhfāʾ before thāʾ.
21. Iẓhār versus ikhfāʾ on parallel phrases
The final two verses are nearly parallel, but replace خَيْرًا with شَرًّا, changing the rule for the preceding tanwīn.
ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا — khāʾ is a throat letter: iẓhār.
ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا — shīn is an ikhfāʾ letter: ikhfāʾ with ghunnah.
The student should produce a different audible articulation, not merely name the classifications.
22. Joining and stopping after khayran
In خَيْرًا يَرَهُ, tanwīn meets yāʾ and assimilates with ghunnah if the two words are joined. The same applies to «شَرًّا يَرَهُ».
When pausing after «خَيْرًا» or «شَرًّا», there is no meeting with the next yāʾ; the accusative tanwīn normally becomes madd ʿiwaḍ.
Practice:
خَيْرًا يَرَهُ — join: idghām with ghunnah.
خَيْرًا (stop) — madd ʿiwaḍ.
شَرًّا يَرَهُ — join: idghām with ghunnah.
شَرًّا (stop) — madd ʿiwaḍ.
23. Līn and natural madd
In أَوْحَىٰ, the sākin wāw after fatḥah is a letter of līn. The final alif maqṣūrah is a natural madd.
«لَهَا» also ends in a natural alif madd. Not every long vowel is madd munfaṣil; the latter requires hamzah at the start of a separate following word.
Practice:
أَوْحَىٰ — wāw līn, then final alif madd.
لَهَا — natural alif madd.
وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ — separated alif madd followed by hamzah, so munfaṣil.
24. Integrated comparison chart
Name the trigger for each rule, not just its label:
مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ — sākin nūn + thāʾ: ikhfāʾ.
مَنْ خَفَّتْ — sākin nūn + khāʾ: iẓhār.
فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ — sākin nūn + yāʾ: idghām with ghunnah.
عِيشَةٍ رَاضِيَةٍ — tanwīn + rāʾ: idghām without ghunnah.
أَشْتَاتًا لِيُرَوْا — tanwīn + lām: idghām without ghunnah.
ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا — tanwīn + khāʾ: iẓhār.
ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا — tanwīn + shīn: ikhfāʾ.
Use this sequence: trigger, classification, then correct articulation.
25. Final recitation self-check
Recite both complete surahs from a muṣḥaf, respecting the meanings and natural verse endings; do not pause at arbitrary spots merely to create a quiz example.
Check 1: nūn and tanwīn — مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ, مَنْ خَفَّتْ, فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ, ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا, ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا.
Check 2: other rules — munfaṣil and qalqalah in وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ; solar lām in النَّاسُ; bāʾ qalqalah in الْمَبْثُوثِ; connected vs paused hāʾ in مَوَازِينُهُ.
Check 3: endings — pausing on رَاضِيَةٍ, حَامِيَةٌ and هِيَهْ.
Listen back after the quiz. Only a qualified reciter can finally assess the sound of your pronunciation.
Practice questions
Question 1
How is Level 027 related to the printed book?
- A supplementary applied lesson
- A newly printed chapter
- A morphology-only lesson
- A translation-only test
Question 2
How is the article lām pronounced in الْقَارِعَةُ?
- Assimilated into nūn
- Clearly, because qāf is lunar
- Assimilated into qāf
- Entirely omitted
Question 3
Why is the rāʾ in الْقَارِعَةُ thin?
- Qāf is lunar
- Rāʾ is sākin
- Rāʾ carries kasrah
- The word ends in tāʾ marbūṭah
Question 4
What produces madd munfaṣil in وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ?
- A sākin letter after madd in the same word
- Nūn followed by yāʾ
- Article lām followed by qāf
- Alif in مَا then hamzah in the next word
Question 5
Which letter takes qalqalah in أَدْرَاكَ?
- Sākin dāl
- Rāʾ with fatḥah
- Kāf with fatḥah
- Long alif
Question 6
What is the wāw in يَوْمَ?
- Madd wāw after ḍammah
- Līn letter following fatḥah
- A nasal wāw
- A qalqalah letter
Question 7
How is the lām treated in النَّاسُ?
- Lunar lām, pronounced separately
- Mandatory madd on lām
- Solar lām, assimilated into nūn
- Qalqalah on lām
Question 8
What is the normal classification of wāw in يَكُونُ?
- Līn letter
- Obligatory madd
- Qalqalah
- Natural madd
Question 9
Why does bāʾ have qalqalah in الْمَبْثُوثِ?
- Bāʾ is sākin and is a qalqalah letter
- Bāʾ has shaddah
- Hamzah follows bāʾ
- A sākin nūn follows bāʾ
Question 10
What follows the sākin nūn in الْمَنْفُوشِ?
- Khāʾ, causing iẓhār
- Fāʾ, so ikhfāʾ
- Rāʾ, causing idghām without ghunnah
- Bāʾ, causing iqlāb
Question 11
Why is there ghunnah in فَأَمَّا?
- Nūn sākin meets fāʾ
- Tanwīn meets lām
- Because mīm is doubled
- Sākin bāʾ has qalqalah
Question 12
Rule for nūn sākin in مَنْ ثَقُلَتْ?
- Throat-letter iẓhār
- Iqlāb
- Idghām without ghunnah
- Ikhfāʾ ḥaqīqī
Question 13
Rule for nūn sākin in مَنْ خَفَّتْ?
- Iẓhār ḥalqī
- Ikhfāʾ
- Idghām with ghunnah
- Iqlāb
Question 14
What fundamentally distinguishes the rules in these phrases?
- The nūn vowel changed
- The letter after nūn differs
- Only the madd changed
- Both have doubled mīm
Question 15
Tanwīn when joining عِيشَةٍ رَاضِيَةٍ?
- Throat-letter iẓhār
- Lip-based ikhfāʾ
- Idghām without ghunnah
- Iqlāb
Question 16
How is rāʾ pronounced in رَاضِيَةٍ?
- Rāʾ with kasrah; thin
- Sākin rāʾ after kasrah
- Qalqalah on rāʾ
- Rāʾ with fatḥah; heavy
Question 17
What happens to pronoun hāʾ in connected مَوَازِينُهُ فَهُوَ?
- Ṣilah ṣughrā
- Major ṣilah because hamzah follows
- Iqlāb
- Solar lām
Question 18
What happens to minor ṣilah if one stops on مَوَازِينُهُ?
- It turns into major ṣilah
- Ṣilah is not pronounced
- It assimilates into lām
- Nūn becomes clear
Question 19
What is the final hāʾ in مَا هِيَهْ?
- Pronoun hāʾ
- Tāʾ marbūṭah
- Hāʾ as-sakt
- A madd hāʾ
Question 20
Tanwīn rule in نَارٌ حَامِيَةٌ?
- Idghām without ghunnah
- Ikhfāʾ
- Iqlāb
- Iẓhār ḥalqī
Question 21
How is tāʾ marbūṭah sounded when pausing on حَامِيَةٌ?
- Sākin hāʾ
- Tāʾ with ḍammah
- Doubled nūn
- Madd wāw
Question 22
Why is rāʾ heavy in الْأَرْضُ?
- Rāʾ has kasrah
- Rāʾ is sākin after fatḥah
- Tanwīn follows rāʾ
- Rāʾ has qalqalah
Question 23
Which letter follows sākin nūn in الْإِنْسَانُ?
- Mīm, giving lip-based idghām
- Khāʾ, giving iẓhār
- Sīn, giving ikhfāʾ
- Bāʾ, giving iqlāb
Question 24
Tanwīn in يَوْمَئِذٍ تُحَدِّثُ?
- Idghām with ghunnah
- Throat-letter iẓhār
- Iqlāb
- Ikhfāʾ
Question 25
Tanwīn in يَوْمَئِذٍ يَصْدُرُ?
- Idghām with ghunnah
- Iẓhār
- Iqlāb
- Idghām without ghunnah
Question 26
Why is there ghunnah in بِأَنَّ?
- Nūn meets bāʾ
- The nūn carries shaddah
- Tanwīn meets khāʾ
- Sākin mīm meets mīm
Question 27
What is the rule between أَشْتَاتًا and لِيُرَوْا?
- Idghām with ghunnah
- Throat-letter iẓhār
- Idghām without ghunnah
- Ikhfāʾ
Question 28
What happens on stopping at أَشْتَاتًا?
- Assimilation into lām
- Ghunnah of doubled nūn
- Madd lāzim
- Madd ʿiwaḍ
Question 29
Nūn sākin in فَمَنْ يَعْمَلْ?
- Idghām with ghunnah
- Iqlāb
- Throat-letter iẓhār
- Idghām without ghunnah
Question 30
Tanwīn in ذَرَّةٍ خَيْرًا?
- Ikhfāʾ
- Iẓhār ḥalqī
- Iqlāb
- Idghām without ghunnah
Question 31
Tanwīn in ذَرَّةٍ شَرًّا?
- Throat-letter iẓhār
- Iqlāb
- Ikhfāʾ ḥaqīqī
- Idghām without ghunnah
Question 32
On joining خَيْرًا يَرَهُ, what happens to tanwīn?
- Throat-letter iẓhār
- It stays madd ʿiwaḍ
- Iqlāb
- Idghām with ghunnah
Question 33
What applies when pausing on خَيْرًا?
- Madd ʿiwaḍ
- Idghām into yāʾ
- Throat-letter iẓhār
- Qalqalah
Question 34
Which type of wāw occurs in أَوْحَىٰ?
- Madd wāw after ḍammah
- Letter of līn
- Sākin nūn
- A qalqalah letter
Question 35
What is the alif in لَهَا?
- Always madd munfaṣil
- Word-level obligatory madd
- Natural madd
- Qalqalah
Question 36
Why does the tanwīn of يَوْمَئِذٍ take different rules in verses 4 and 6?
- The tanwīn moved position
- The ending vowel changed
- The verses have different revelation locales
- The next letter is tāʾ or yāʾ
Question 37
What distinguishes hāʾ in فَهُوَ and فَأُمُّهُ?
- First belongs to an independent pronoun; second is an attached pronoun hāʾ
- Both are hāʾ of pause
- Both cause obligatory madd
- Both are tāʾ marbūṭah
Question 38
Which distinction between the two phrases is correct?
- Both are madd lāzim
- The second has hamzah in a new word, making munfaṣil
- First has qalqalah and second has ikhfāʾ
- Both have doubled nūn
Question 39
What differs when stopping on رَاضِيَةٍ and هِيَهْ?
- Both become madd ʿiwaḍ
- Both are pronoun hāʾ
- First becomes hāʾ from tāʾ marbūṭah; second already contains hāʾ as-sakt
- Both have qalqalah
Question 40
What is a valid way to self-check these surahs?
- Memorize option letters only
- Make every sākin letter nasal
- Stretch all madds equally
- Identify trigger, rule, sound, and seek teacher correction
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