What is ʿUthmānic rasm?
Conclusion: Tajwīd, Waqf, ʿUthmānic Rasm and Qirāʾāt
- The muṣḥaf’s distinctive Qurʾānic orthography
- Every language’s everyday spelling
- Verse meanings alone
- Recitation speed alone
Conclusion: Tajwīd, Waqf, ʿUthmānic Rasm and Qirāʾāt