وَالتَّحْرِيفُ الْمَعْنَوِيُّ
And interpretive alteration.
Interpretive alteration leaves the wording in place but assigns a meaning that conflicts with the passage’s intended purpose or context. Group loyalty, inherited assumptions, or perceived advantage can drive such readings.
A sound reading distinguishes three tasks: establishing the language and immediate context, identifying the subject and addressee, and showing how the proposed conclusion actually follows. If a reader starts with a predetermined conclusion and forces the passage to serve it, the direction of reasoning has been reversed.
The fact that an interpretation favors one community is not evidence that it is linguistically or contextually justified.