The preceding discussions share a common purpose: Qur’anic argumentation refutes false claims while reforming reasoning, conviction and conduct. The passages on polytheism address monotheism and prophethood; debates involving the People of the Book address particular doctrinal and interpretive issues; the treatment of hypocrites highlights the distinction between inner belief and outward profession, and between words and conduct.
Three conclusions are central: 1. do not confuse concealed rejection with an observable moral failing; 2. distinguish the various motives behind unethical conduct so they can be corrected; 3. learn from historical patterns without making unsupported claims about the hearts of contemporary individuals.
The following chapter turns to the remaining discussions of the five Qur’anic sciences, expanding the study beyond disputation to divine favors, historical reminders, the Hereafter and legal-moral guidance.