Qur’anic disputation employs two related approaches.
First: expose and criticize a false belief. Its actual content is identified, and the flaw in its assumptions or implications is explained. An accurate account of the claim is essential before refutation.
Second: answer an objection through evidence. A rational argument makes the relevant inference explicit; a rhetorical argument can bring a familiar truth home to its audience without taking the form of an extended formal proof.
The methods work together: criticism diagnoses a mistaken claim, while constructive argument establishes the alternative.