Public governance (siyāsah madaniyyah) concerns the organization of communal life and the protection of social rights and order. Harmful conventions were not confined to the household. Public dealings could also involve injustice or disorder.
The Qur’an establishes foundational principles, sets limits, and addresses major aspects of civic and social behavior. Here, the Arabic word ḥadd can mean a legal boundary or restriction generally; it should not automatically be reduced to the technical category of fixed criminal penalties.
Understanding the public purpose of a rule clarifies why a command, prohibition, or boundary appears in its passage.