The conceptual map is jahr ↔ hams, shiddah ↔ rikhāwah (with tawassuṭ between them), istiʿlāʾ ↔ istifāl, and iṭbāq ↔ infitāḥ. Each letter has the relevant classification in every opposition.
For example, ص combines hams, rikhāwah, istiʿlāʾ and iṭbāq; س combines hams, rikhāwah, istifāl and infitāḥ. Their contrast shows why makhraj alone is not enough.
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Four pairs and one middle category
Ṣifāt al-Ḥurūf — Opposing Qualities and Strength Grades
The conceptual map is jahr ↔ hams, shiddah ↔ rikhāwah (with tawassuṭ between them), istiʿlāʾ ↔ istifāl, and iṭbāq ↔ infitāḥ. Each letter has the relevant classification in every opposition.
For example, ص combines hams, rikhāwah, istiʿlāʾ and iṭbāq; س combines hams, rikhāwah, istifāl and infitāḥ. Their contrast shows why makhraj alone is not enough.