Surah ‘Abasa — Part 1

1. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 1

عَبَسَ وَتَوَلَّىٰٓ
Sentence structure
Two coordinated perfect verbs share the same understood subject: he frowned and turned away.

Ayah summary
On this occasion, the Prophet ﷺ frowned and turned away when a blind seeker of guidance approached him.

عَبَسَ — He frowned
Grammar: third-person masculine singular perfect verb.

وَتَوَلَّىٰٓ — and turned away
Grammar: وَ is a conjunction. form V third-person masculine singular perfect verb; it functions as the coordinated element.

2. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 2

أَن جَآءَهُ ٱلْأَعْمَىٰ
Sentence structure
The clause introduced by أَن gives the reason through an understood causal connection. جَآءَ is the verb, its attached pronoun the fronted object, and ٱلْأَعْمَىٰ the subject; recognized analyses differ over the precise attachment of the clause.

Ayah summary
This happened when the blind Companion came to him.

أَن — Because
Grammar: أَن is a masdari particle; the following clause is interpreted as a verbal noun.

جَآءَهُ — came to him
Grammar: A third-person masculine singular perfect verb. Attached هُ is its fronted object; the complete clause is the complement of masdari أَن.

ٱلْأَعْمَىٰ — the blind man
Grammar: ٱلْ is the definite article. nominative noun functioning as the subject.

3. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 3

وَمَا يُدْرِيكَ لَعَلَّهُۥ يَزَّكَّىٰٓ
Sentence structure
The interrogative clause asks what could make you know. لَعَلَّهُۥ يَزَّكَّىٰٓ is the hoped-for possibility: perhaps he might purify himself.

Ayah summary
Perhaps he would have purified and improved himself through the teaching.

وَمَا — But what
Grammar: وَ is a resumption particle. مَا is an interrogative.

يُدْرِيكَ — would make you know
Grammar: form IV third-person masculine singular imperfect verb; it functions as the predicate. Attached كَ is a second-person masculine singular pronoun functioning as the object.

لَعَلَّهُۥ — that he might
Grammar: لَعَلَّ is a particle resembling a verb and conveys hope or expectation. Attached هُۥ is its noun.

يَزَّكَّىٰٓ — purify himself
Grammar: form V third-person masculine singular imperfect verb; it functions as the predicate of laʿalla.

4. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 4

أَوْ يَذَّكَّرُ فَتَنفَعَهُ ٱلذِّكْرَىٰٓ
Sentence structure
أَوْ coordinates a second possibility. يَذَّكَّرُ is followed by a causal result: the reminder would benefit him.

Ayah summary
Or he might have remembered the reminder and benefited from it.

أَوْ — Or
Grammar: أَوْ is a conjunction.

يَذَّكَّرُ — be reminded
Grammar: form V third-person masculine singular imperfect verb.

فَتَنفَعَهُ — so would benefit him
Grammar: فَ is a causal particle. third-person feminine singular imperfect verb in the subjunctive mood. Attached هُ is a third-person masculine singular pronoun functioning as the object.

ٱلذِّكْرَىٰٓ — the reminder
Grammar: ٱل is the definite article. nominative noun functioning as the subject.

5. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 5

أَمَّا مَنِ ٱسْتَغْنَىٰ
Sentence structure
أَمَّا opens the first side of a detailed division. مَن is a relative pronoun serving as the subject, and ٱسْتَغْنَىٰ is its relative clause; the predicate continues in ayah 6.

Ayah summary
On the other side was one who considered himself independent of the truth.

أَمَّا — As for
Grammar: أَمَّا is a particle of detailed division.

مَنِ — (him) who
Grammar: A relative pronoun serving as the subject; its final kasrah avoids two adjacent sukūns.

ٱسْتَغْنَىٰ — considers himself free from need
Grammar: A form X, third-person masculine singular perfect verb with an understood subject; its clause is the relative clause of مَنِ.

6. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 6

فَأَنتَ لَهُۥ تَصَدَّىٰ
Sentence structure
This is the response to the preceding division. أَنتَ is the subject, تَصَدَّىٰ its verbal predicate, and لَهُۥ is linked to the verb.

Ayah summary
The Prophet ﷺ was giving close attention to guiding him.

فَأَنتَ — So you
Grammar: فَ marks the answer to أَمَّا. أَنتَ is a detached pronoun functioning as the subject of the nominal sentence.

لَهُۥ — to him
Grammar: لَ is a preposition. هُۥ is a pronoun functioning as the genitive complement.

تَصَدَّىٰ — give attention
Grammar: form V second-person masculine singular imperfect verb; it functions as the predicate.

7. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 7

وَمَا عَلَيْكَ أَلَّا يَزَّكَّىٰ
Sentence structure
The negative nominal clause states that responsibility is not upon you. أَلَّا يَزَّكَّىٰ is the subordinated clause: that he does not purify himself.

Ayah summary
The Prophet ﷺ was not responsible if that person refused to reform himself.

وَمَا — And not
Grammar: وَ is resumptive. مَا is a non-governing negative particle.

عَلَيْكَ — upon you
Grammar: عَلَيْ is a preposition functioning as the linked complement. Attached كَ is a second-person masculine singular pronoun functioning as the genitive complement.

أَلَّا — that not
Grammar: أَلَّا is formed from masdari/subjunctive أَنْ and non-governing negative لَا.

يَزَّكَّىٰ — he purifies himself
Grammar: A form V third-person masculine singular imperfect verb in the subjunctive mood under أَنْ; لَا negates it without governing it. The complete clause is the complement of masdari أَنْ.

8. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 8

وَأَمَّا مَن جَآءَكَ يَسْعَىٰ
Sentence structure
أَمَّا opens the second side. مَن is a relative pronoun serving as the subject, جَآءَكَ its relative clause, and يَسْعَىٰ a circumstantial clause describing how he came.

Ayah summary
Meanwhile, the sincere seeker of guidance came eagerly to the Prophet ﷺ.

وَأَمَّا — But as for
Grammar: وَ is a conjunction. أَمَّا is a particle of detailed division.

مَن — (he) who
Grammar: A relative pronoun serving as the subject of the detailed construction.

جَآءَكَ — came to you
Grammar: A third-person masculine singular perfect verb with an understood subject; attached كَ is the object, and the clause is the relative clause of مَن.

يَسْعَىٰ — striving
Grammar: third-person masculine singular imperfect verb; it functions as the circumstantial clause.

9. Surah ‘Abasa · Ayah 9

وَهُوَ يَخْشَىٰ
Sentence structure
The circumstantial wāw introduces a nominal clause: هُوَ is the subject and يَخْشَىٰ its verbal predicate.

Ayah summary
He feared Allah and sincerely sought instruction.

وَهُوَ — While he
Grammar: وَ is the circumstantial wāw. هُوَ is a detached pronoun functioning as the subject; the complete nominal clause is circumstantial.

يَخْشَىٰ — fears
Grammar: third-person masculine singular imperfect verb; it functions as the predicate.