Surah Al-Fajr — Part 2

Ayahs 11–20 · word-by-word grammatical analysis Read the bilingual lesson for Surah Al-Fajr — Part 2 and test your understanding with a focused quiz.

Lesson

1. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 11

ٱلَّذِينَ طَغَوْا۟ فِى ٱلْبِلَـٰدِ Sentence structure ٱلَّذِينَ introduces a relative description. طَغَوْا۟ is a masculine-plural perfect with attached و as subject; فِى ٱلْبِلَـٰدِ is linked to the verb. Ayah summary All of them had rebelled in their lands. ٱلَّذِينَ — Who Grammar: A masculine-plural relative pronoun introducing a descriptive relative clause. طَغَوْا۟ — transgressed Grammar: A third-person masculine-plural perfect; attached و is the subject. فِى — in Grammar: A preposition governing the following noun. This phrase is linked to «طَغَوْا۟». ٱلْبِلَـٰدِ — the lands Grammar: ٱل defines the feminine-plural genitive noun بِلَادِ, governed by فِى.

2. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 12

فَأَكْثَرُوا۟ فِيهَا ٱلْفَسَادَ Sentence structure فَأَكْثَرُوا۟ is a masculine-plural Form IV perfect; attached و is the subject. ٱلْفَسَادَ is its accusative object, while فِيهَا is linked to the verb. Ayah summary And they spread great corruption within them. فَأَكْثَرُوا۟ — And (made) much Grammar: فَ coordinates/results; أَكْثَرُوا۟ is a Form IV masculine-plural perfect and attached و its subject. فِيهَا — therein Grammar: فِى is a preposition and attached هَا a feminine-singular pronoun in the genitive position. This phrase is linked to «أَكْثَرُوا۟». ٱلْفَسَادَ — corruption Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine accusative object فَسَادَ.

3. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 13

فَصَبَّ عَلَيْهِمْ رَبُّكَ سَوْطَ عَذَابٍ Sentence structure فَصَبَّ is a perfect verb with رَبُّكَ as subject. سَوْطَ is its object and is annexed to genitive عَذَابٍ; عَلَيْهِمْ is linked to the verb. Ayah summary So your Lord poured upon them a scourge of punishment. فَصَبَّ — So poured Grammar: فَ marks result; صَبَّ is a third-person masculine-singular perfect. عَلَيْهِمْ — on them Grammar: عَلَىٰ is a preposition and attached هِمْ a masculine-plural pronoun in the genitive position. This phrase is linked to «صَبَّ». رَبُّكَ — your Lord Grammar: رَبُّ is the nominative subject of صَبَّ; attached كَ is a genitive possessor. سَوْطَ — scourge Grammar: An indefinite masculine accusative object, annexed to the following noun. عَذَابٍ — (of) punishment Grammar: An indefinite masculine genitive noun functioning as the complement of سَوْطَ.

4. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 14

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَبِٱلْمِرْصَادِ Sentence structure إِنَّ opens an emphatic nominal clause. رَبَّكَ is its noun, with attached كَ as possessor; لَبِٱلْمِرْصَادِ is the emphatic prepositional predicate. Ayah summary Surely your Lord keeps full watch over everyone's deeds. إِنَّ — Indeed Grammar: An accusative/emphatic particle opening a nominal clause. رَبَّكَ — your Lord Grammar: رَبَّ is the accusative noun of إِنَّ; attached كَ is a genitive possessor. لَبِٱلْمِرْصَادِ — (is) surely Ever Watchful Grammar: لَ emphasizes, بِ is a preposition, ٱل defines مِرْصَادِ; the phrase functions as the predicate of إِنَّ.

5. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 15

فَأَمَّا ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ رَبُّهُۥ فَأَكْرَمَهُۥ وَنَعَّمَهُۥ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّىٓ أَكْرَمَنِ Sentence structure فَأَمَّا ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ begins a detailed topic. إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ رَبُّهُۥ is the time clause; فَيَقُولُ introduces its result, and رَبِّىٓ أَكْرَمَنِ is the quoted statement. Ayah summary A person mistakes the trial of prosperity for personal honour. فَأَمَّا — And as for Grammar: فَ resumes and أَمَّا is a particle of condition and detail whose response is marked by the later fā. ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ — man Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine nominative topic of the detailed clause. إِذَا — when Grammar: A non-governing time/condition adverb introducing the trial clause. This expression has an adverbial predicate relation with «ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ». مَا — does Grammar: An extra/emphatic particle after إِذَا; it has no independent syntactic government here. ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ — try him Grammar: A Form VIII third-person masculine-singular perfect; attached هُ is the object and the next noun is its subject. رَبُّهُۥ — his Lord Grammar: رَبُّ is the nominative subject of ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ; attached هُۥ is a genitive possessor. فَأَكْرَمَهُۥ — and is generous to him Grammar: فَ coordinates/results; أَكْرَمَ is a Form IV perfect with understood subject هُوَ, and attached هُۥ is the object. وَنَعَّمَهُۥ — and favors him Grammar: وَ coordinates; نَعَّمَ is a Form II perfect with understood subject, and attached هُۥ is the object. فَيَقُولُ — he says Grammar: فَ marks the response/result; يَقُولُ is a third-person masculine-singular indicative imperfect with understood subject هُوَ. رَبِّىٓ — My Lord Grammar: رَبِّ is a noun in the quoted nominal clause; attached ى is a genitive possessor, with the case ending estimated before it. أَكْرَمَنِ — has honored me Grammar: A Form IV third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject هُوَ; attached نِ protects the verb and ى is the object.

6. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 16

وَأَمَّآ إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ فَقَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ رِزْقَهُۥ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّىٓ أَهَـٰنَنِ Sentence structure وَأَمَّآ introduces the matching second case. إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ is the time clause; فَقَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ رِزْقَهُۥ continues it, and فَيَقُولُ رَبِّىٓ أَهَـٰنَنِ is its result and quotation. Ayah summary And he mistakes the trial of restricted provision for personal humiliation. وَأَمَّآ — But Grammar: وَ coordinates and أَمَّا introduces the second detailed condition. إِذَا — when Grammar: A non-governing time/condition adverb introducing the trial clause. This adverbial expression relates to «أَمَّآ». مَا — does Grammar: An extra/emphatic particle after إِذَا, without independent government here. ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ — He try him Grammar: A Form VIII third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject هُوَ and attached هُ as object. فَقَدَرَ — and restricts Grammar: فَ coordinates/results; قَدَرَ is a third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject هُوَ. عَلَيْهِ — for him Grammar: عَلَىٰ is a preposition and attached هِ a masculine-singular pronoun in the genitive position. This phrase is linked to «قَدَرَ». رِزْقَهُۥ — his provision Grammar: رِزْقَ is the accusative object of قَدَرَ; attached هُۥ is a genitive possessor. فَيَقُولُ — then he says Grammar: فَ marks the response; يَقُولُ is a third-person masculine-singular indicative imperfect with understood subject. رَبِّىٓ — My Lord Grammar: رَبِّ is a noun in the quoted nominal clause; attached ى is a genitive possessor. أَهَـٰنَنِ — (has) humiliated me Grammar: A Form IV third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject; نِ is protective nūn and the estimated/omitted ى is the object.

7. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 17

كَلَّا ۖ بَل لَّا تُكْرِمُونَ ٱلْيَتِيمَ Sentence structure كَلَّا rejects the preceding assumption and بَلْ shifts to correction. لَا تُكْرِمُونَ is a negative plural verbal clause; attached و is subject and ٱلْيَتِيمَ object. Ayah summary Yet you do not treat the orphan with honour and care. كَلَّا ۖ — Nay Grammar: A particle of deterrence and rejection, with no syntactic government. بَل — But Grammar: A transition/correction particle moving from the rejected assumption to the actual conduct. لَّا — not Grammar: A non-governing negative particle before an indicative imperfect. تُكْرِمُونَ — you honor Grammar: A Form IV second-person masculine-plural indicative imperfect; attached و is subject and final ن marks the indicative. ٱلْيَتِيمَ — the orphan Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine-singular accusative object يَتِيمَ.

8. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 18

وَلَا تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ عَلَىٰ طَعَامِ ٱلْمِسْكِينِ Sentence structure وَلَا تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ is coordinated with the preceding negative clause. The verb is Form VI, second-person masculine plural; attached و is subject, and عَلَىٰ طَعَامِ ٱلْمِسْكِينِ is linked to it. Ayah summary And you do not encourage one another to feed the needy. وَلَا — And not Grammar: وَ coordinates and لَا is non-governing negation before an indicative imperfect. تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ — you feel the urge Grammar: A Form VI second-person masculine-plural indicative imperfect; attached و is subject and final ن marks the indicative. عَلَىٰ — to Grammar: A preposition governing the following noun. This phrase is linked to «تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ». طَعَامِ — feed Grammar: A masculine genitive verbal noun governed by عَلَىٰ and annexed to the next noun. ٱلْمِسْكِينِ — the poor Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine genitive complement مِسْكِينِ of طَعَامِ.

9. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 19

وَتَأْكُلُونَ ٱلتُّرَاثَ أَكْلًۭا لَّمًّۭا Sentence structure وَتَأْكُلُونَ is a plural indicative imperfect with attached و as subject. ٱلتُّرَاثَ is its object; أَكْلًۭا is a cognate accusative and لَّمًّۭا its adjective. Ayah summary And you devour inherited wealth indiscriminately. وَتَأْكُلُونَ — And you consume Grammar: وَ coordinates; تَأْكُلُونَ is a second-person masculine-plural indicative imperfect, attached و subject and final ن indicative marker. ٱلتُّرَاثَ — the inheritance Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine accusative object تُّرَاثَ. أَكْلًۭا — devouring Grammar: An indefinite masculine cognate accusative emphasizing the action of تَأْكُلُونَ. لَّمًّۭا — altogether Grammar: An indefinite masculine accusative adjective of أَكْلًۭا.

10. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 20

وَتُحِبُّونَ ٱلْمَالَ حُبًّۭا جَمًّۭا Sentence structure وَتُحِبُّونَ is a plural indicative imperfect; attached و is subject and final ن marks the indicative. ٱلْمَالَ is the object; حُبًّۭا is a cognate accusative and جَمًّۭا its adjective. Ayah summary And you love wealth with excessive love. وَتُحِبُّونَ — And you love Grammar: وَ coordinates; تُحِبُّونَ is a Form IV second-person masculine-plural indicative imperfect, و subject and final ن indicative marker. ٱلْمَالَ — wealth Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine accusative object مَالَ. حُبًّۭا — (with) love Grammar: An indefinite masculine cognate accusative emphasizing تُحِبُّونَ. جَمًّۭا — immense Grammar: An indefinite masculine accusative adjective of حُبًّۭا.

Practice questions

Question 1

ٱلَّذِينَ طَغَوْا۟ فِى ٱلْبِلَـٰدِ ۝١١ What is attached و in طَغَوْا۟?

  • Object
  • Genitive possessor
  • Subject
  • Indicative marker

Question 2

فَأَكْثَرُوا۟ فِيهَا ٱلْفَسَادَ ۝١٢ What is ٱلْفَسَادَ with أَكْثَرُوا۟?

  • Subject
  • Predicate
  • Genitive noun
  • Accusative object

Question 3

فَصَبَّ عَلَيْهِمْ رَبُّكَ سَوْطَ عَذَابٍ ۝١٣ What is رَبُّكَ with صَبَّ?

  • Nominative subject
  • Object
  • Predicate
  • Adjective

Question 4

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَبِٱلْمِرْصَادِ ۝١٤ What is رَبَّكَ after إِنَّ?

  • Predicate
  • Noun of إِنَّ
  • Subject of a verb
  • Vocative

Question 5

فَأَمَّا ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ رَبُّهُۥ فَأَكْرَمَهُۥ وَنَعَّمَهُۥ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّىٓ أَكْرَمَنِ ۝١٥ What is attached هُ in ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ?

  • Subject
  • Possessor
  • Object
  • Adjective

Question 6

وَأَمَّآ إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ فَقَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ رِزْقَهُۥ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّىٓ أَهَـٰنَنِ ۝١٦ What is رِزْقَهُۥ with فَقَدَرَ?

  • Subject
  • Predicate
  • Genitive adjective
  • Accusative object

Question 7

كَلَّا ۖ بَل لَّا تُكْرِمُونَ ٱلْيَتِيمَ ۝١٧ What is ٱلْيَتِيمَ with تُكْرِمُونَ?

  • Accusative object
  • Subject
  • Predicate
  • Prepositional noun

Question 8

وَلَا تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ عَلَىٰ طَعَامِ ٱلْمِسْكِينِ ۝١٨ What form is تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ?

  • Form II
  • Form VI
  • Form IV
  • Form X

Question 9

وَتَأْكُلُونَ ٱلتُّرَاثَ أَكْلًۭا لَّمًّۭا ۝١٩ What is أَكْلًۭا?

  • Subject
  • Object
  • Cognate accusative
  • Predicate

Question 10

وَتُحِبُّونَ ٱلْمَالَ حُبًّۭا جَمًّۭا ۝٢٠ What is جَمًّۭا with حُبًّۭا?

  • Subject
  • Object
  • Genitive noun
  • Accusative adjective

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