Surah Al-Fajr — Part 2

1. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 11

ٱلَّذِينَ طَغَوْا۟ فِى ٱلْبِلَـٰدِ
Sentence structure
ٱلَّذِينَ introduces a relative description. طَغَوْا۟ is a masculine-plural perfect with attached و as subject; فِى ٱلْبِلَـٰدِ is linked to the verb.

Ayah summary
All of them had rebelled in their lands.

ٱلَّذِينَ — Who
Grammar: A masculine-plural relative pronoun introducing a descriptive relative clause.

طَغَوْا۟ — transgressed
Grammar: A third-person masculine-plural perfect; attached و is the subject.

فِى — in
Grammar: A preposition governing the following noun. This phrase is linked to «طَغَوْا۟».

ٱلْبِلَـٰدِ — the lands
Grammar: ٱل defines the feminine-plural genitive noun بِلَادِ, governed by فِى.

2. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 12

فَأَكْثَرُوا۟ فِيهَا ٱلْفَسَادَ
Sentence structure
فَأَكْثَرُوا۟ is a masculine-plural Form IV perfect; attached و is the subject. ٱلْفَسَادَ is its accusative object, while فِيهَا is linked to the verb.

Ayah summary
And they spread great corruption within them.

فَأَكْثَرُوا۟ — And (made) much
Grammar: فَ coordinates/results; أَكْثَرُوا۟ is a Form IV masculine-plural perfect and attached و its subject.

فِيهَا — therein
Grammar: فِى is a preposition and attached هَا a feminine-singular pronoun in the genitive position. This phrase is linked to «أَكْثَرُوا۟».

ٱلْفَسَادَ — corruption
Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine accusative object فَسَادَ.

3. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 13

فَصَبَّ عَلَيْهِمْ رَبُّكَ سَوْطَ عَذَابٍ
Sentence structure
فَصَبَّ is a perfect verb with رَبُّكَ as subject. سَوْطَ is its object and is annexed to genitive عَذَابٍ; عَلَيْهِمْ is linked to the verb.

Ayah summary
So your Lord poured upon them a scourge of punishment.

فَصَبَّ — So poured
Grammar: فَ marks result; صَبَّ is a third-person masculine-singular perfect.

عَلَيْهِمْ — on them
Grammar: عَلَىٰ is a preposition and attached هِمْ a masculine-plural pronoun in the genitive position. This phrase is linked to «صَبَّ».

رَبُّكَ — your Lord
Grammar: رَبُّ is the nominative subject of صَبَّ; attached كَ is a genitive possessor.

سَوْطَ — scourge
Grammar: An indefinite masculine accusative object, annexed to the following noun.

عَذَابٍ — (of) punishment
Grammar: An indefinite masculine genitive noun functioning as the complement of سَوْطَ.

4. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 14

إِنَّ رَبَّكَ لَبِٱلْمِرْصَادِ
Sentence structure
إِنَّ opens an emphatic nominal clause. رَبَّكَ is its noun, with attached كَ as possessor; لَبِٱلْمِرْصَادِ is the emphatic prepositional predicate.

Ayah summary
Surely your Lord keeps full watch over everyone's deeds.

إِنَّ — Indeed
Grammar: An accusative/emphatic particle opening a nominal clause.

رَبَّكَ — your Lord
Grammar: رَبَّ is the accusative noun of إِنَّ; attached كَ is a genitive possessor.

لَبِٱلْمِرْصَادِ — (is) surely Ever Watchful
Grammar: لَ emphasizes, بِ is a preposition, ٱل defines مِرْصَادِ; the phrase functions as the predicate of إِنَّ.

5. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 15

فَأَمَّا ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ رَبُّهُۥ فَأَكْرَمَهُۥ وَنَعَّمَهُۥ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّىٓ أَكْرَمَنِ
Sentence structure
فَأَمَّا ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ begins a detailed topic. إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ رَبُّهُۥ is the time clause; فَيَقُولُ introduces its result, and رَبِّىٓ أَكْرَمَنِ is the quoted statement.

Ayah summary
A person mistakes the trial of prosperity for personal honour.

فَأَمَّا — And as for
Grammar: فَ resumes and أَمَّا is a particle of condition and detail whose response is marked by the later fā.

ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ — man
Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine nominative topic of the detailed clause.

إِذَا — when
Grammar: A non-governing time/condition adverb introducing the trial clause. This expression has an adverbial predicate relation with «ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ».

مَا — does
Grammar: An extra/emphatic particle after إِذَا; it has no independent syntactic government here.

ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ — try him
Grammar: A Form VIII third-person masculine-singular perfect; attached هُ is the object and the next noun is its subject.

رَبُّهُۥ — his Lord
Grammar: رَبُّ is the nominative subject of ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ; attached هُۥ is a genitive possessor.

فَأَكْرَمَهُۥ — and is generous to him
Grammar: فَ coordinates/results; أَكْرَمَ is a Form IV perfect with understood subject هُوَ, and attached هُۥ is the object.

وَنَعَّمَهُۥ — and favors him
Grammar: وَ coordinates; نَعَّمَ is a Form II perfect with understood subject, and attached هُۥ is the object.

فَيَقُولُ — he says
Grammar: فَ marks the response/result; يَقُولُ is a third-person masculine-singular indicative imperfect with understood subject هُوَ.

رَبِّىٓ — My Lord
Grammar: رَبِّ is a noun in the quoted nominal clause; attached ى is a genitive possessor, with the case ending estimated before it.

أَكْرَمَنِ — has honored me
Grammar: A Form IV third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject هُوَ; attached نِ protects the verb and ى is the object.

6. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 16

وَأَمَّآ إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ فَقَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ رِزْقَهُۥ فَيَقُولُ رَبِّىٓ أَهَـٰنَنِ
Sentence structure
وَأَمَّآ introduces the matching second case. إِذَا مَا ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ is the time clause; فَقَدَرَ عَلَيْهِ رِزْقَهُۥ continues it, and فَيَقُولُ رَبِّىٓ أَهَـٰنَنِ is its result and quotation.

Ayah summary
And he mistakes the trial of restricted provision for personal humiliation.

وَأَمَّآ — But
Grammar: وَ coordinates and أَمَّا introduces the second detailed condition.

إِذَا — when
Grammar: A non-governing time/condition adverb introducing the trial clause. This adverbial expression relates to «أَمَّآ».

مَا — does
Grammar: An extra/emphatic particle after إِذَا, without independent government here.

ٱبْتَلَىٰهُ — He try him
Grammar: A Form VIII third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject هُوَ and attached هُ as object.

فَقَدَرَ — and restricts
Grammar: فَ coordinates/results; قَدَرَ is a third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject هُوَ.

عَلَيْهِ — for him
Grammar: عَلَىٰ is a preposition and attached هِ a masculine-singular pronoun in the genitive position. This phrase is linked to «قَدَرَ».

رِزْقَهُۥ — his provision
Grammar: رِزْقَ is the accusative object of قَدَرَ; attached هُۥ is a genitive possessor.

فَيَقُولُ — then he says
Grammar: فَ marks the response; يَقُولُ is a third-person masculine-singular indicative imperfect with understood subject.

رَبِّىٓ — My Lord
Grammar: رَبِّ is a noun in the quoted nominal clause; attached ى is a genitive possessor.

أَهَـٰنَنِ — (has) humiliated me
Grammar: A Form IV third-person masculine-singular perfect with understood subject; نِ is protective nūn and the estimated/omitted ى is the object.

7. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 17

كَلَّا ۖ بَل لَّا تُكْرِمُونَ ٱلْيَتِيمَ
Sentence structure
كَلَّا rejects the preceding assumption and بَلْ shifts to correction. لَا تُكْرِمُونَ is a negative plural verbal clause; attached و is subject and ٱلْيَتِيمَ object.

Ayah summary
Yet you do not treat the orphan with honour and care.

كَلَّا ۖ — Nay
Grammar: A particle of deterrence and rejection, with no syntactic government.

بَل — But
Grammar: A transition/correction particle moving from the rejected assumption to the actual conduct.

لَّا — not
Grammar: A non-governing negative particle before an indicative imperfect.

تُكْرِمُونَ — you honor
Grammar: A Form IV second-person masculine-plural indicative imperfect; attached و is subject and final ن marks the indicative.

ٱلْيَتِيمَ — the orphan
Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine-singular accusative object يَتِيمَ.

8. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 18

وَلَا تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ عَلَىٰ طَعَامِ ٱلْمِسْكِينِ
Sentence structure
وَلَا تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ is coordinated with the preceding negative clause. The verb is Form VI, second-person masculine plural; attached و is subject, and عَلَىٰ طَعَامِ ٱلْمِسْكِينِ is linked to it.

Ayah summary
And you do not encourage one another to feed the needy.

وَلَا — And not
Grammar: وَ coordinates and لَا is non-governing negation before an indicative imperfect.

تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ — you feel the urge
Grammar: A Form VI second-person masculine-plural indicative imperfect; attached و is subject and final ن marks the indicative.

عَلَىٰ — to
Grammar: A preposition governing the following noun. This phrase is linked to «تَحَـٰٓضُّونَ».

طَعَامِ — feed
Grammar: A masculine genitive verbal noun governed by عَلَىٰ and annexed to the next noun.

ٱلْمِسْكِينِ — the poor
Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine genitive complement مِسْكِينِ of طَعَامِ.

9. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 19

وَتَأْكُلُونَ ٱلتُّرَاثَ أَكْلًۭا لَّمًّۭا
Sentence structure
وَتَأْكُلُونَ is a plural indicative imperfect with attached و as subject. ٱلتُّرَاثَ is its object; أَكْلًۭا is a cognate accusative and لَّمًّۭا its adjective.

Ayah summary
And you devour inherited wealth indiscriminately.

وَتَأْكُلُونَ — And you consume
Grammar: وَ coordinates; تَأْكُلُونَ is a second-person masculine-plural indicative imperfect, attached و subject and final ن indicative marker.

ٱلتُّرَاثَ — the inheritance
Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine accusative object تُّرَاثَ.

أَكْلًۭا — devouring
Grammar: An indefinite masculine cognate accusative emphasizing the action of تَأْكُلُونَ.

لَّمًّۭا — altogether
Grammar: An indefinite masculine accusative adjective of أَكْلًۭا.

10. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 20

وَتُحِبُّونَ ٱلْمَالَ حُبًّۭا جَمًّۭا
Sentence structure
وَتُحِبُّونَ is a plural indicative imperfect; attached و is subject and final ن marks the indicative. ٱلْمَالَ is the object; حُبًّۭا is a cognate accusative and جَمًّۭا its adjective.

Ayah summary
And you love wealth with excessive love.

وَتُحِبُّونَ — And you love
Grammar: وَ coordinates; تُحِبُّونَ is a Form IV second-person masculine-plural indicative imperfect, و subject and final ن indicative marker.

ٱلْمَالَ — wealth
Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine accusative object مَالَ.

حُبًّۭا — (with) love
Grammar: An indefinite masculine cognate accusative emphasizing تُحِبُّونَ.

جَمًّۭا — immense
Grammar: An indefinite masculine accusative adjective of حُبًّۭا.