Surah Al-Fajr — Part 3

1. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 21

كَلَّآ إِذَا دُكَّتِ ٱلْأَرْضُ دَكًّۭا دَكًّۭا
Sentence structure
كَلَّآ restrains; إِذَا introduces the time condition. دُكَّتِ is a passive perfect, ٱلْأَرْضُ its deputy subject, and the two instances of دَكًّۭا emphasize the verbal action.

Ayah summary
Never; when the earth is repeatedly crushed and levelled.

كَلَّآ — Nay
Grammar: A particle of deterrence and rejection with no syntactic government.

إِذَا — When
Grammar: A non-governing time/condition adverb introducing the passive clause; its result comes later with يَقُولُ.

دُكَّتِ — is leveled
Grammar: A third-person feminine-singular passive perfect; final تِ is the feminine marker moved with kasrah before the next consonant.

ٱلْأَرْضُ — the earth
Grammar: ٱل defines the feminine-singular nominative deputy subject of the passive verb.

دَكًّۭا — pounded
Grammar: An indefinite masculine cognate accusative emphasizing دُكَّتِ.

دَكًّۭا — (and) crushed
Grammar: A second indefinite masculine cognate accusative, coordinated/repeated for emphasis.

2. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 22

وَجَآءَ رَبُّكَ وَٱلْمَلَكُ صَفًّۭا صَفًّۭا
Sentence structure
جَآءَ is a perfect verb with رَبُّكَ as subject. وَٱلْمَلَكُ is coordinated as another subject, while both instances of صَفًّۭا are circumstantial accusatives.

Ayah summary
The Lord's majestic manifestation, befitting His glory, will appear, and the angels will come rank upon rank.

وَجَآءَ — And comes
Grammar: وَ coordinates; جَآءَ is a third-person masculine-singular perfect used in the future scene.

رَبُّكَ — your Lord
Grammar: رَبُّ is the nominative subject of جَآءَ; attached كَ is a genitive possessor.

وَٱلْمَلَكُ — and the Angels
Grammar: وَ coordinates and ٱلْمَلَكُ is a definite nominative noun coordinated with the subject.

صَفًّۭا — rank
Grammar: An indefinite masculine circumstantial accusative describing the manner of the angels' arrival.

صَفًّۭا — (upon) rank
Grammar: A second indefinite masculine circumstantial accusative, coordinated/repeated with the first.

3. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 23

وَجِا۟ىٓءَ يَوْمَئِذٍۭ بِجَهَنَّمَ ۚ يَوْمَئِذٍۢ يَتَذَكَّرُ ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ وَأَنَّىٰ لَهُ ٱلذِّكْرَىٰ
Sentence structure
وَجِا۟ىٓءَ is a passive perfect, with بِجَهَنَّمَ attached to it. يَتَذَكَّرُ ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ is a verbal clause with an explicit subject; وَأَنَّىٰ لَهُ ٱلذِّكْرَىٰ asks how remembrance could then benefit him.

Ayah summary
Hell will be brought forward, and then a person will understand, but that understanding will be of no use.

وَجِا۟ىٓءَ — And is brought
Grammar: وَ coordinates; جِا۟ىٓءَ is a third-person masculine-singular passive perfect.

يَوْمَئِذٍۭ — that Day
Grammar: يَوْمَ is an accusative time adverb; إِذٍ is annexed to it, with tanwīn compensating for the omitted clause. This phrase is linked to «جِا۟ىٓءَ».

بِجَهَنَّمَ ۚ — Hell
Grammar: بِ is a preposition; جَهَنَّمَ is a diptote proper noun governed in the genitive and therefore marked with fatḥah.

يَوْمَئِذٍۢ — That Day
Grammar: يَوْمَ is an accusative time adverb linked to يَتَذَكَّرُ; إِذٍ is its genitive complement.

يَتَذَكَّرُ — will remember
Grammar: A Form V third-person masculine-singular indicative imperfect.

ٱلْإِنسَـٰنُ — man
Grammar: ٱل defines the masculine-singular nominative subject of يَتَذَكَّرُ.

وَأَنَّىٰ — but how
Grammar: وَ resumes and أَنَّىٰ is an interrogative adverb asking how/whence. This phrase is linked through an omitted element.

لَهُ — (will be) for him
Grammar: لِ is a preposition and attached هُ a masculine-singular pronoun in the genitive position. This phrase is linked through an omitted element.

ٱلذِّكْرَىٰ — the remembrance
Grammar: ٱل defines the feminine-singular nominative noun in the interrogative nominal clause. An omitted predicate is associated with «ٱلذِّكْرَىٰ».

4. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 24

يَقُولُ يَـٰلَيْتَنِى قَدَّمْتُ لِحَيَاتِى
Sentence structure
يَقُولُ is the result linked to the preceding time clause, with understood subject هُوَ. يَـٰلَيْتَنِى opens a wish construction: attached نِى is the noun of لَيْتَ, and قَدَّمْتُ its predicate clause.

Ayah summary
He will regretfully say that he wishes he had sent good deeds ahead for his true life.

يَقُولُ — He will say
Grammar: A third-person masculine-singular indicative imperfect with understood subject هُوَ, functioning as the response to the earlier time condition.

يَـٰلَيْتَنِى — O I wish
Grammar: يَا alerts, لَيْتَ is a particle of wish and accusative, نِ protective nūn, and attached ى its noun.

قَدَّمْتُ — I had sent forth
Grammar: A Form II first-person singular perfect; attached تُ is the subject, and the clause is the predicate of لَيْتَ.

لِحَيَاتِى — for my life
Grammar: لِ is a preposition; حَيَاتِ is its feminine genitive noun and attached ى a genitive possessor. This phrase is linked to «قَدَّمْتُ».

5. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 25

فَيَوْمَئِذٍۢ لَّا يُعَذِّبُ عَذَابَهُۥٓ أَحَدٌۭ
Sentence structure
فَيَوْمَئِذٍۢ is a time expression. لَّا يُعَذِّبُ is a negative imperfect clause; عَذَابَهُۥٓ is the object and أَحَدٌۭ the delayed subject.

Ayah summary
On that day, no one will be able to punish as Allah punishes.

فَيَوْمَئِذٍۢ — So that Day
Grammar: فَ resumes/results; يَوْمَ is an accusative time adverb and إِذٍ its genitive complement. This phrase is linked to «يُعَذِّبُ».

لَّا — not
Grammar: A non-governing negative particle before an indicative imperfect.

يُعَذِّبُ — will punish
Grammar: A Form II third-person masculine-singular indicative imperfect.

عَذَابَهُۥٓ — (as) His punishment
Grammar: عَذَابَ is the accusative object of يُعَذِّبُ; attached هُۥ is a genitive possessor.

أَحَدٌۭ — anyone
Grammar: An indefinite masculine-singular nominative delayed subject of يُعَذِّبُ.

6. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 26

وَلَا يُوثِقُ وَثَاقَهُۥٓ أَحَدٌۭ
Sentence structure
وَلَا يُوثِقُ is coordinated with the preceding negative clause. وَثَاقَهُۥٓ is the object of the Form IV imperfect, and أَحَدٌۭ is its delayed subject.

Ayah summary
And no one will be able to bind as severely as He binds.

وَلَا — And not
Grammar: وَ coordinates and لَا is non-governing negation.

يُوثِقُ — will bind
Grammar: A Form IV third-person masculine-singular indicative imperfect.

وَثَاقَهُۥٓ — (as) His binding
Grammar: وَثَاقَ is the accusative object of يُوثِقُ; attached هُۥ is a genitive possessor.

أَحَدٌۭ — anyone
Grammar: An indefinite masculine-singular nominative delayed subject of يُوثِقُ.

7. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 27

يَـٰٓأَيَّتُهَا ٱلنَّفْسُ ٱلْمُطْمَئِنَّةُ
Sentence structure
يَـٰٓأَيَّتُهَا is a vocative expression: يَا calls, and أَيَّتُهَا supports the address. ٱلنَّفْسُ clarifies the addressee, and ٱلْمُطْمَئِنَّةُ is its adjective.

Ayah summary
O soul that found tranquillity through the remembrance and obedience of Allah.

يَـٰٓأَيَّتُهَا — O
Grammar: يَا is a vocative particle; أَيَّةُ is the built vocative support noun in the nominative form, and هَا an alert particle.

ٱلنَّفْسُ — soul
Grammar: ٱل defines the feminine-singular nominative apposition/clarifier of أَيَّةُ.

ٱلْمُطْمَئِنَّةُ — who is satisfied
Grammar: ٱل defines the feminine-singular nominative adjective of ٱلنَّفْسُ.

8. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 28

ٱرْجِعِىٓ إِلَىٰ رَبِّكِ رَاضِيَةًۭ مَّرْضِيَّةًۭ
Sentence structure
ٱرْجِعِىٓ is a feminine-singular imperative; attached ى is its subject. إِلَىٰ رَبِّكِ is linked to it, while رَاضِيَةًۭ and مَّرْضِيَّةًۭ are two circumstantial accusatives.

Ayah summary
Return to your Lord, pleased with Him and pleasing to Him.

ٱرْجِعِىٓ — Return
Grammar: A second-person feminine-singular imperative; attached ى is the subject.

إِلَىٰ — to
Grammar: A preposition governing the following noun. This phrase is linked to «ٱرْجِعِىٓ».

رَبِّكِ — your Lord
Grammar: رَبِّ is a masculine genitive noun governed by إِلَىٰ; attached feminine كِ is a genitive possessor.

رَاضِيَةًۭ — well pleased
Grammar: An indefinite feminine-singular circumstantial accusative describing the addressed soul.

مَّرْضِيَّةًۭ — and pleasing
Grammar: An indefinite feminine-singular passive-participle circumstantial accusative, coordinated with رَاضِيَةًۭ.

9. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 29

فَٱدْخُلِى فِى عِبَـٰدِى
Sentence structure
فَٱدْخُلِى is a feminine-singular imperative; attached ى is the subject. فِى عِبَـٰدِى is linked to the command, and attached ى in عِبَـٰدِى is a genitive possessor.

Ayah summary
Then enter among My chosen servants.

فَٱدْخُلِى — So enter
Grammar: فَ coordinates/results; ٱدْخُلِى is a second-person feminine-singular imperative and attached ى its subject.

فِى — among
Grammar: A preposition governing the following noun. This phrase is linked to «ٱدْخُلِى».

عِبَـٰدِى — My slaves
Grammar: عِبَادِ is a masculine-plural genitive noun governed by فِى; attached ى is a genitive possessor.

10. Surah Al-Fajr · Ayah 30

وَٱدْخُلِى جَنَّتِى
Sentence structure
وَٱدْخُلِى is coordinated with the preceding feminine-singular command; attached ى is its subject. جَنَّتِى is the object and its final ى is a genitive possessor.

Ayah summary
And enter My Paradise.

وَٱدْخُلِى — And enter
Grammar: وَ coordinates; ٱدْخُلِى is a second-person feminine-singular imperative and attached ى its subject.

جَنَّتِى — My Paradise
Grammar: جَنَّتَ is the feminine-singular accusative object; attached ى is a genitive possessor.