Aw can express choice or alternatives; hatta and ila mark endpoints, though inclusion of the endpoint varies with context. Ala can express obligation, fi containment, and ba attachment or exchange.
For example, fasting “until night” identifies the endpoint rather than including night in the fasting period. Where an endpoint is not independent of the preceding whole, a different interpretation may be possible. A particle cannot be reduced to one English equivalent in every context.
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Comprehensive Revision and Final Assessment — Mabadi al-Usul
Aw can express choice or alternatives; hatta and ila mark endpoints, though inclusion of the endpoint varies with context. Ala can express obligation, fi containment, and ba attachment or exchange.
For example, fasting “until night” identifies the endpoint rather than including night in the fasting period. Where an endpoint is not independent of the preceding whole, a different interpretation may be possible. A particle cannot be reduced to one English equivalent in every context.