LessonsPerformance and Substitution: Complete and Deficient Adāʾ and QaḍāʾQuiz

In complete performance of a property duty, the original owner's entitlement to the usurped item is central. Proper restoration of that same item fulfills the original obligation.

If the wrongdoer attempts to sell, pledge, or gift it, one must examine the effect of each disposition on ownership and liability. Merely changing the description of a transaction does not automatically extinguish the owner's underlying right.

Principle: Where restoration of the original item remains possible and required, begin with that duty rather than treating an unauthorized alternate dealing as ordinary restoration.

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Returning usurped property

Performance and Substitution: Complete and Deficient Adāʾ and Qaḍāʾ

In complete performance of a property duty, the original owner's entitlement to the usurped item is central. Proper restoration of that same item fulfills the original obligation.

If the wrongdoer attempts to sell, pledge, or gift it, one must examine the effect of each disposition on ownership and liability. Merely changing the description of a transaction does not automatically extinguish the owner's underlying right.

Principle: Where restoration of the original item remains possible and required, begin with that duty rather than treating an unauthorized alternate dealing as ordinary restoration.