LessonsCauses of Knowledge: Definition, Certainty and SourcesQuiz

الْوِجْدَانُ وَالْحَدْسُ وَالتَّجْرِبَةُ وَنَظَرُ الْعَقْلِ
Inner awareness, intuition, experience, and rational reflection.

These are significant ways in which cognition occurs and can therefore seem to challenge a threefold list. Inner awareness concerns the subject's present experience; intuition can involve swiftly grasping a relation; experience joins observation with learned judgments; and reflection arranges premises to draw conclusions.

A broad taxonomy must explain the sensible, intellectual, and inward aspects of these cases. Subsuming a specific route under a broad heading does not deny its distinctive features. It shows why the division requires defensible criteria rather than a rigid count without explanation.

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Inner awareness, intuition and experience

Causes of Knowledge: Definition, Certainty and Sources

الْوِجْدَانُ وَالْحَدْسُ وَالتَّجْرِبَةُ وَنَظَرُ الْعَقْلِ
Inner awareness, intuition, experience, and rational reflection.

These are significant ways in which cognition occurs and can therefore seem to challenge a threefold list. Inner awareness concerns the subject's present experience; intuition can involve swiftly grasping a relation; experience joins observation with learned judgments; and reflection arranges premises to draw conclusions.

A broad taxonomy must explain the sensible, intellectual, and inward aspects of these cases. Subsuming a specific route under a broad heading does not deny its distinctive features. It shows why the division requires defensible criteria rather than a rigid count without explanation.