Testing a single proposition concerns one definite assertion, such as “this water is sweet.” A doctrine can consist of interconnected propositions, arguments, and implications.
A qawl is a statement, an iʿtiqād is an accepted belief, and madhhab here can denote a systematic intellectual or creedal position. The word ḥaqq may apply to each, but the evidential scope differs.
Accordingly, labels alone do not determine truth; a disputed claim and its supporting reasons must be examined.