Example 1: “This vessel is empty” asserts a condition of a particular vessel; it must be checked.
Example 2: “Every white thing is snow” is an invalid universal generalization; white paper provides a counterexample.
Example 3: “I saw snow” reports a person's experience. Whether the person had that experience and whether snow actually existed are related but distinguishable questions.
These examples separate faulty generalization from mistaken observation and show why the precise asserted content matters for evaluating truth.