Extraordinary occurrences are classified by their context and their relation to the claimant:
1. Muʿjizah — a prophetic miracle confirming a true prophet.
2. Karāmah — an extraordinary favor associated with a saintly believer.
3. Maʿūnah — extraordinary assistance to an ordinary believer.
4. Irhāṣ — a precursor related to a future prophet before his mission.
5. Istidrāj — a deceptively favorable wonder associated with a corrupt or unbelieving person.
6. Ihānah — an extraordinary humiliation exposing a false claimant.
7. Siḥr — an effect or apparent wonder involving learned or particular operative means.
The category depends on context, not appearance alone.