LessonsThe Universality of Divine Knowledge and Power: Classical ObjectionsQuiz

Philosophical position as reported: Restrictions concerning particulars or multiple effects.
Dahriyya as reported: A challenge to divine self-knowledge.
Al-Naẓẓām: Exclusion of creating ignorance or ugly acts from power.
Al-Balkhī: Restriction concerning an act like the servant's possible act.
General Muʿtazilī position as reported: Restriction concerning the very individual act under human power.

These are not interchangeable views. Each targets a particular aspect of knowledge or power and must be met on its own premises.

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Comparing the reported positions

The Universality of Divine Knowledge and Power: Classical Objections

Philosophical position as reported: Restrictions concerning particulars or multiple effects.
Dahriyya as reported: A challenge to divine self-knowledge.
Al-Naẓẓām: Exclusion of creating ignorance or ugly acts from power.
Al-Balkhī: Restriction concerning an act like the servant's possible act.
General Muʿtazilī position as reported: Restriction concerning the very individual act under human power.

These are not interchangeable views. Each targets a particular aspect of knowledge or power and must be met on its own premises.