Four coordinators compared

ʿAṭf al-Bayān, Badal and Coordination: Clarifying, Reinforcing and Specifying the Subject

ParticleMain relationTypical implication
و (wa)Shared predicationBoth Zayd and ʿAmr
ف (fa)Ordered close successionʿAmr shortly after Zayd
ثم (thumma)Ordered delayʿAmr after an interval
حتى (ḥattā)Inclusive endpointEven Khālid was included

These are not interchangeable rhetorical decorations. Replacing one conjunction with another changes the relation conveyed to the listener.