At the end of the review, the learner should be able to identify contextual evidence, semantic relation, rhetorical device, communicative purpose and effect in an unfamiliar passage. The learner should distinguish neighboring concepts such as simile and metaphor, kināyah and majāz, ṭibāq and muqābalah, jinās and sajʿ, or iqtibās and taḍmīn.
When two devices genuinely coexist, justify each separately. When the available context is insufficient, do not treat a tentative diagnosis as certain. Such discipline improves both close reading and the composition of effective prose and speech.