What best separates tawriyah from istikhdām?
Muzāwajah, ʿAks, Rujūʿ, Tawriyah and Istikhdām
- Tawriyah uses near/remote senses; istikhdām is marked by a pronoun activating another sense
- Both occur only in a poem’s close
- Tawriyah is only iḍāfah reversal
- Istikhdām always retracts a claim