ازْدَادَ زَيْدٌ عِلْمًا
Zayd increased in knowledge.
حَضَرَ الطُّلَّابُ إِلَّا خَالِدًا
The students attended, except Khalid.
The accusative «عِلْمًا» removes uncertainty about the respect in which an increase occurred. By contrast, «إِلَّا خَالِدًا» specifies an exception from the set of students.
Specification explains an otherwise underdetermined relation, whereas exception narrows a stated scope. Both extend a proposition but do not perform the same semantic task.
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Restricting the Verb: Objects, Complements and Conditional Clauses
ازْدَادَ زَيْدٌ عِلْمًا
Zayd increased in knowledge.
حَضَرَ الطُّلَّابُ إِلَّا خَالِدًا
The students attended, except Khalid.
The accusative «عِلْمًا» removes uncertainty about the respect in which an increase occurred. By contrast, «إِلَّا خَالِدًا» specifies an exception from the set of students.
Specification explains an otherwise underdetermined relation, whereas exception narrows a stated scope. Both extend a proposition but do not perform the same semantic task.