ConstructionDecisive feature
MetaphorNonliteral use through resemblance; a blocking clue
MetonymyNonliteral use through another association
AllusionImplied concomitant; literal sense remains possible
“Asad delivering a sermon,” when it means a brave man, is a metaphor. “Much ash,” when used for generosity, is allusion. An unusual-looking expression is not enough: identify the association and interpretive clue.
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Supplementary Applied Practice — Maʿānī, Bayān and Badīʿ
ConstructionDecisive feature
MetaphorNonliteral use through resemblance; a blocking clue
MetonymyNonliteral use through another association
AllusionImplied concomitant; literal sense remains possible
“Asad delivering a sermon,” when it means a brave man, is a metaphor. “Much ash,” when used for generosity, is allusion. An unusual-looking expression is not enough: identify the association and interpretive clue.