LessonsTruth and Falsehood in Reports: The Majority, al-Naẓẓām and al-JāḥiẓQuiz

PositionTruth criterionFalsehood criterion
MajorityCorrespondence with realityFailure to correspond with reality
Al-NaẓẓāmCorrespondence with beliefFailure to correspond with belief
Al-JāḥiẓCorrespondence to reality together with believing it correspondsNoncorrespondence together with believing it does not correspond

The third view creates intermediate cases not counted as either true or false. This is the core issue of exhaustiveness (ḥaṣr) versus an intermediate category (wāsiṭa). Later slides spell out the mixed cases.

Opening interactive controls...

A comparison of the three definitions

Truth and Falsehood in Reports: The Majority, al-Naẓẓām and al-Jāḥiẓ

PositionTruth criterionFalsehood criterion
MajorityCorrespondence with realityFailure to correspond with reality
Al-NaẓẓāmCorrespondence with beliefFailure to correspond with belief
Al-JāḥiẓCorrespondence to reality together with believing it correspondsNoncorrespondence together with believing it does not correspond

The third view creates intermediate cases not counted as either true or false. This is the core issue of exhaustiveness (ḥaṣr) versus an intermediate category (wāsiṭa). Later slides spell out the mixed cases.