Al-Jāḥiẓ’s account must address speakers who do not hold a belief about the asserted matter. Their statements may correspond to reality or fail to correspond, but the corresponding belief condition is absent.
Suppose someone, having no knowledge of last night’s weather, asserts “It rained last night.” The majority evaluate the statement by what happened. On al-Jāḥiẓ’s account, absence of belief prevents the full conditions of either extreme classification. This technical issue is distinct from ethical assessments of speaking without evidence.