• Financing through partnership (مشاركة) or investment partnership (مضاربة) means participation in business, not merely advancing money.
• In partnership (مشاركة), financing creates ownership in business assets according to the financing ratio.
• Genuine business loss must be borne according to the applicable investment rule.
• Profit may be agreed by consent, but a sleeping partner cannot exceed his investment ratio; loss follows capital exactly.
These principles are the test for every modern application that follows.