Ask four questions before classifying the dispute:
1. Does the statement use ʿalayya/qibali or ʿindi/maʿi?
2. If a reply is alleged to be an admission, what was demanded and does the response refer back to it?
3. Is the person admitting the debt while separately alleging repayment, release or deferment?
4. Which proposition is admitted, which is contested, and which may require evidence or an oath?
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A practical reasoning sequence for the judge
Kitab al-Iqrar: Debt and Trust, Admissions by Reply, and Deferred Debts
Ask four questions before classifying the dispute:
1. Does the statement use ʿalayya/qibali or ʿindi/maʿi?
2. If a reply is alleged to be an admission, what was demanded and does the response refer back to it?
3. Is the person admitting the debt while separately alleging repayment, release or deferment?
4. Which proposition is admitted, which is contested, and which may require evidence or an oath?