1. Ramadan performed on its assigned day: nighttime intention works; qualified later intention is permitted.
2. Specified vow: grouped with fixed-day obligations for this rule.
3. Qada of Ramadan, unspecified vow, and kaffarah: specific overnight intention is necessary.
4. Voluntary fast: qualified daytime intention is possible before the legal midpoint.
The most reliable practice is to make a clear intention the previous night.
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Kitab al-Sawm: Categories of Fasting and Rules of Intention
1. Ramadan performed on its assigned day: nighttime intention works; qualified later intention is permitted.
2. Specified vow: grouped with fixed-day obligations for this rule.
3. Qada of Ramadan, unspecified vow, and kaffarah: specific overnight intention is necessary.
4. Voluntary fast: qualified daytime intention is possible before the legal midpoint.
The most reliable practice is to make a clear intention the previous night.