رجلا كان أو امرأة حرا كان أو عبدا
Translation: Whether male or female, free or enslaved.
Quduri explicitly allows an upright male or female witness for the obstructed-sky Ramadan ruling. Probity and admissible testimony are the operative criteria.
The words ḥurr and ʿabd refer to the free/slave distinction of the text’s historical legal setting. They are reproduced to explain the original wording, not as a recommendation for a contemporary institution of slavery.
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Kitab al-Sawm: Crescent Sighting and Establishing Ramadan
رجلا كان أو امرأة حرا كان أو عبدا
Translation: Whether male or female, free or enslaved.
Quduri explicitly allows an upright male or female witness for the obstructed-sky Ramadan ruling. Probity and admissible testimony are the operative criteria.
The words ḥurr and ʿabd refer to the free/slave distinction of the text’s historical legal setting. They are reproduced to explain the original wording, not as a recommendation for a contemporary institution of slavery.