Prohibited and Disliked Times of Prayer

Read-only question overview. Answers and scoring remain inside authenticated learner attempts.

• During which of the following times is performing any obligatory (Fard) or necessary (Wajib) prayer completely invalid in the Hanafi school?
• If a verse of prostration (Sajdah al-Tilawah) is recited during the rising of the sun, performing the prostration of recitation at that exact moment is valid, with karahah, when its cause arose in that time.
• What is the single obligatory prayer exception permitted during the sunset yellowing (Asfrirar)?
• Funeral prayers (Janazah) are always disliked during the three prohibited times, regardless of when the deceased body arrived.
• When is it disliked to perform voluntary (Nafal) prayers after the true dawn (Fajr Sadiq) rises?
• When may the two Sunnah rak'ahs of Fajr still be performed after the congregation has started under the exception taught here?
• Sort these times into the severe windows affecting previously-binding Fard/Wajib acts and the broader times disliked for Nafl.
• Why is prayer disliked while actively resisting the need to urinate/defecate or while strongly desired food is present?